Journal of Psychopharmacology

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

SAGETRACK

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (21)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Burns, A.
Right arrow Articles by O'Brien, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Burns, A.
Right arrow Articles by O'Brien, J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?
Journal of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 20, No. 6, 732-755 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0269881106068299

Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a consensus statement from British Association for Psychopharmacology

Alistair Burns

University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

John O'Brien

University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

The British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP) coordinated a meeting of experts to review the evidence on the drug treatment for dementia. The level of evidence (types) was rated using a standard system: Types 1a and 1b (evidence from meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials or at least one controlled trial respectively); types 2a and 2b (one well-designed study or one other type of quasi experimental study respectively); type 3 (non-experimental descriptive studies); and type 4 (expert opinion). There is type 1a evidence for cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease; memantine for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease; and for the use of bright light therapy and aromatherapy. There is type 1a evidence of no effect of anti inflammatory drugs or statins. There is conflicting evidence regarding oestrogens, with type 2a evidence of a protective effect of oestrogens but 1b evidence of a harmful effect. Type 1a evidence for any effect of B12 and folate will be forthcoming when current trials report. There is type 1b evidence for gingko biloba in producing a modest benefit of cognitive function; cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of people with Lewy body disease (particularly neuropsychiatric symptoms); cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in treatment cognitive impairment associated with vascular dementia; and the effect of metal collating agents (although these should not be prescribed until more data on safety and efficacy are available). There is type 1b evidence to show that neither cholinesterase inhibitors nor vitamin E reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in people with mild cognitive impairment; and there is no evidence that there is any intervention that can prevent the onset of dementia. There is type 1b evidence for the beneficial effects of adding memantine to cholinesterase inhibitors, and type 2b evidence of positive switching outcomes from one cholinesterase inhibitor to another. There is type 2a evidence for a positive effect of reminiscence therapy, and type 2a evidence that cognitive training does not work. There is type 3 evidence to support the use of psychological interventions in dementia. There is type 2 evidence that a clinical diagnosis of dementia can be made accurately and that brain imaging increases that accuracy.

Although the consensus statement dealt largely with medication, the role of dementia care in secondary services (geriatric medicine and old age psychiatry) and primary care, along with health economics, was discussed. There is ample evidence that there are effective treatments for people with dementia, and Alzheimer's disease in particular. Patients, their carers, and clinicians deserve to be optimistic in a field which often attracts therapeutic nihilism.

Key Words: Alzheimer's disease • treatment guidelines

References

  • Aarsland D, Hutchinson M, Larsen J P (2003) Cognitive, psychiatric and motor response to galantamine in Parkinson's disease with dementia . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 18(10): 937–941 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Aarsland D, Laake K, Larsen J P, Janvin C (2002) Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72: 708–712 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Aarsland D, Ballard C, Larsen J P, McKeith I, O'Brien J, Perry R (2005) Neuroleptic sensitivity in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian dementias . J Clin Psychiatry 66(5): 633–637 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Aisen P S, Schafer K A, Grundman M, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, Davis K L, Farlow M R, Jin S, Thomas R G, Thal L J (2003) Effects of rofecoxib or naproxen vs placebo on Alzheimer disease progression: a randomized controlled trial . [see comment] JAMA 289(21): 2819–2826 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Alzheimer's Disease Society (1995) Managing Dementia in the Community. Alzheimer's Disease Society, London .
  • American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., Arlington, VA .
  • American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., Arlington, VA .
  • American Psychiatric Association (2000) DSMIII. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., Arlington, VA .
  • Anderson I M, Nutt D J, Deakin J F W (2000) Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 1993 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines . Journal of Psychopharmacology 14: 3–20 .[Abstract]
  • Audit Commission (2002) Forget me Not 2002: developing mental health services for older people in England. London, Audit Commission , p. 48-48.
  • Baldwin D S, Anderson I M, Nutt D J, Bandelow B, Bond A, Davidson J R, den Boer J A, Fineberg N A, Knapp M, Scott J, Wittchen H U (2005) Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology . British Association for Psychopharmacology 19(6): 567–596 .
  • Bhanji N H, Gauthier S (2003) Emergent complications following donepezil switchover to galantamine in three cases of dementia with Lewy bodies . International Psychogeriatrics 15: 179-179 .
  • Birks J, Grimley Evans J (2005) Ginkgo Biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3. (Search date 2002.)
  • Black S, Roman G, Geldmacher D S, Salloway S, Hecker J, Burns A, Perdomo C, Kumar D, Pratt R (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia . Stroke 34: 2323–2332 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Boccardi M, Laakso M P, Bresciani L, Galluzzi S, Geroldi C, Beltramello A, Soininen H, Frisoni G B (2003). The MRI pattern of frontal and temporal lobe atrophy in FTD . Neurobiol Aging 24(1): 95–103 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Boise L, Camicioli R, Morgan D, Rose J, Congleton L (1999) Diagnosing dementia: perspectives of primary care physicians . Gerontologist 39(4): 457–464 .[Abstract]
  • Bonelli S B, Ransmayr G, Steffelbauer M, Lukas T, Lampl C, Deibl M (2004) L-dopa responsiveness in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson disease with and without dementia . Neurology 63: 376–378 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Bullock R, Connolly C (2002) Switching cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer's disease: donepezil to rivastigmine, is it worth it? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 17(3): 288–289 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Bullock R, Touchon J, Bergman H, Gambina G, He Y, Rapatz G, Nagel J, Lane R (2005) Rivastigmine and donepezil treatment in moderate to moderately-severe Alzheimer's disease over a 2-year period . Curr Med Res & Opinion 21(8): 1317–1327 .[CrossRef]
  • Burns A, Lawlor B, Dening T (2001) Clinical Guidelines in Old Age Psychiatry. Martin Dunitz, London .
  • Burns A, Dening A, Lawlor B (2002) Clinical Guidelines in Old Age Psychiatry. Martin Dunitz, London .
  • Burns A, Byrne J, Ballard C, Holmes C (2002) Sensory stimulation in dementia: an effective option for managing behavioural problems . BMJ 325: 1312–1313 .[Free Full Text]
  • Burns A, Rossor M, Hecker J, Gauthier S, Petit H, Möller H-J, Rogers S L (1999) The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease – results from a multinational trial . Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 10: 237–244 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Cabinet Office Strategy Unit (2002) Risk: improving government's capability to handle risk and uncertainty. Strategy Unit Report, The Stationery Office, London .
  • Clare L, Woods R T, Moniz Cook E D, Orrell M, Spector A (2006) Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive training for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Review.
  • Clarke R, Smith A D, Jobst K A, Refsum H, Sutton L, Ueland P M (1998) Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease. Arch . Neurol 55: 1449–1455 .
  • Cody M, Beck C, Shue V M, Pope S (2002) Reported practices of primary care physicians in the diagnosis and management of dementia . Aging Ment Health 6(1): 72–76 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R (2002) Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group, MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial . Lancet 360: 7–22 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Courtney C, Farrell D, Gray R, Hills R, Lynch L, Sellwood E, Edwards S, Hardyman W, Raftery J, Crome P, Lendon C, Shaw H, Bentham P (2004) Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): randomised double-blind trial . Lancet 363: 2105–2115 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Craig D, Birks J (2005) Rivastigmine for Vascular Cognitive Impairment. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CD004744.
  • Darvesh S, Martin E, Walsh R, Rockwood K (2004) Differential effects of lipid-lowering agents on human cholinesterases . Clinical Biochemistry 37: 42–49 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • De Lepeleire J, Heyrman J (1999) Diagnosis and management of dementia in primary care at an early stage: the need for a new concept and an adapted structure . Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics 20: 215–228 .
  • Department of Health (2001) National Service Framework for Older People. The Stationery Office, London .
  • Department of Health (2005) Improving mental health services by extending the role of nurses in prescribing and supplying medication. Good Practice Guide. HMSO, London .
  • Doody R S, Stevens J C, Beck C, Dubinsky R M, Kaye J A, Gwyther L, Mohs R C, Thal L J, Whitehouse P J, DeKosky S T, Cummings J L (2001) Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidencebased review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology . Neurology 56(9): 1154–1166 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Doraiswamy P M, Krishnan K R, Anand R, Sohn H, Danyluk J, Hartman R D, Veach J (2002) Long-term effects of rivastigmine in moderately severe Alzheimer's disease: dose early initiation of therapy offer sustained benefits? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26: 705–712 .[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Dougall N J, Bruggink S, Ebmeier K P (2004) Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in dementia . Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 12(6): 554–570 . Review: Dougall N, Nobili F, Ebmeier K P. Predicting the accuracy of a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with 99mTc HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography. Psychiatry Res 131(2): 157–168.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Downs, M, Cook I, Rae C, Collins K E (2000) Caring for patients with dementia: the GP perspective . Aging and Mental Health 4: 301–304 .
  • Edwards K, TherriaultO'Connor J, Gorman C (2004a) Switching from donepezil or rivastigmine to galantamine in clinical practice (letter to the editor) . JAGS 52(11): 1965–1965 .
  • Edwards K R, Hershey L, Wray L, Bednarczyk E M, Lichter D, Farlow M, Johnson S (2004b) Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a 12-week interim analysis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord (Suppl 1): 40–48.
  • Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne E J, Deuschl G, De Deyn P P, Durif F, Kulisevsky J, van Laar T, Lees A, Poewe W, Robillard A, Rosa M M, Wolters E, Quarg P, Tekin S, Lane R (2004) Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease NEJM 351: 2509–2518 .
  • Erkinjuntti T, Roman G, Gauthier S (2004) Treatment of vascular dementia – evidence from trials with cholinesterase inhibitors . Journal of Neurological Sciences 226: 63–66 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Erkinjuntti T, Ostbye T, Steenhuis R, Hachinski V (1997) The effect of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of dementia . N Engl J Med 337: 1667–1674 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju C V (2002) Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial . Lancet 359: 1283–1290 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Ernst E, Pittler M H (1999) Ginkgo biloba for dementia: a systematic review of double blind, placebo-controlled trials . Clin Drug Invest 17(4): 301–308 .
  • Farlow M, Anand R, Missina J Jr, Hartman R, Veach J (2000) A 52-week study of the efficacy of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease . Eur Neurol 44: 236–241 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E (2001) Donepezil MSAD Study Investigators Group. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease . Neurology 57: 613–620 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Feldman H, Van B B, Kavanagh S M, Torfs K E (2005) Cognition, function, and caregiving time patterns in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease: a 12-month analysis . Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 19(1): 29–36 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Forette F, Seux M L, Staessen J A, Thijs L, Babarskiene M R, Babeanu S, Bossini A, Fagard R, Gil-Extremera B, Laks T, Kobalava Z, Sarti C, Tuomilehto J, Vanhanen H, Webster J, Yodfat Y, Birkenhager W H (2003) The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study . Archives of Internal Medicine 162: 2046–2052 .
  • Foster S, Tyler V E (1999) Tyler's honest herbal: a sensible guide to the use of herbs and related remedies, 4th edn. New York, The Haworth Herbal Press .
  • Fox N C, Black R S, Gilman S, Rossor M N, Griffith S G, Jenkins L, Koller M (2005) Effects of Abeta immunization (AN1792) on MRI measures of cerebral volume in Alzheimer disease . Neurology 64(9): 1563–1572 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Gao F Q, Black S E, Liebovitch F S, Callen D J, Rockel C P, Szalai J P (2004) Linear width of the medial temporal lobe can discriminate AD from normal aging: the Sunnybrook Dementia Study . Neurobiol Aging 25: 441–448 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Geldmacher D S (2003) Long-term cholinesterase inhibitor therapy for Alzheimer's disease: practical considerations for the primary care physician . Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 5: 251–259 .[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Goodwin G (2003) Evidence based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: recommendations from the British Assocation for Psychopharmacology . Journal of Psychopharmacology 17(2): 149–173 .[Abstract]
  • Grace J, Daniel S, Stevens T, Shankar K K, Walker Z, Byrne E J, Butler S, Wilkinson D, Woolford J, Waite J, McKeith I G (2001) Long-term use of rivastigmine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: an open label trial . International Psychogeriatrics 13: 199–205 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Grundman M, Sencakova D, Jack C R, Petersen R C, Kim H T, Schiltz A, Weiner M F, DeCarli C, DeKosky S T, van Dyck C, Thomas R G, Thal L J (2002) Brain MRI hippocampal volume and prediction of clinical status in a mild cognitive impairment trial . J Mol Neurosci 19: 23–27 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002) MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial . Lancet 360: 7–22 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Henderson V W, Paganini-Hill A, Miller B L, Elble R J, Reyes P F, Shoupe D, McCleary C A, Klein R A, Hake A M, Farlow M R (2000) Estrogen for Alzheimer's disease in women: randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial . Neurology 54(2): 295–301 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Hogervorst E, Yaffe K, Richards M, Huppert F (2005) Hormone replacement therapy to maintain cognitive function in women with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3).
  • Homocysteine Studies Collaboration (2002) Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis JAMA 288(16): 2015–2022 .
  • Iliffe S, Manthorpe J (2004) The hazards of early recognition of dementia: a risk assessment . Aging & Mental Health 8(2): 99–105 .
  • Iliffe S, Wilcock J (2005) The identification of barriers to the recognition of and response to dementia in primary care using a modified focus group method . Dementia; 4: 12–23 .
  • Iliffe S, Walters K, Rait G (2000) Shortcomings in the diagnosis and management of dementia in primary care: towards an educational strategy . Aging and Mental Health 4(4): 286–291 .
  • Imbimbo B P (2004) The potential role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treating Alzheimer's disease . Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 13: 1469–1481 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jack C R, Petersen R C, Xu Y C, Waring S C, O'Brien P C, Tangalos E G, Smith G E, Invik R J, Kokmen E (1997) Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI in normal aging and very mild AD . Neurology 49(3): 786–794 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Jagust W (2001) Untangling vascular dementia . Lancet 358: 2097–2098 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jick H, Zornberg G L, Jick S S, Seshadri S, Drachman D A (2000) Statins and the risk of dementia . Lancet 356: 1627–1631 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jones R (2004) Management of comorbidity in Alzheimer's disease. In (eds), Gauthier S, Scheltens P, Cummings J. Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Annual 2004. Martin Dunitz, London , pp. 145–160.
  • Jones R (2005) Supplementary submission to the NICE Health Technology Assessment: Alzheimer's disease – donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine (a review). April.
  • Jones R W, Soininen H, Hager K, Aarsland D, Passmore P, Murthy A, Zhang R, Bahra R (2004) A multinational, randomised, 12 week study comparing the effects of donepezil and galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19(1): 58–67 [CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Jorm A F, Korten A E, Henderson A S (1987) The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 76: 465–479 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kaduszkiewicz H, Zimmermann T, Beck-Bornholdt H P, van den Bussche H (2005) Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of randomised clinical trials . British Medical Journal 331: 321–327 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Kaufer D I, Catt K E, Lopez O L, DeKosky S T (1998) Dementia with Lewy bodies: response of delirium-like features to donepezil . Neurology 51: 1512–1512 .[Free Full Text]
  • Kivipelto M, Solomon L, Winblad B (2005) Statin therapy and Alzheimer's Disease . Lancet Neurology 4: 521–522 .
  • Kivipelto M, Helkala E-L, Hallikainen M, Laakso M P, Hanninen T, Alhainen K, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A (2001) Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life . BMJ 322: 1447–1451 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Kivipelto M, Helkala E L, Laakso M P, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Iivonen S, Mannermaa A, Tuomileto JNissinen A, Soininen H (2002) Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease . Annals of Internal Medicine 137: 149–155 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Klatte E T, Scharre D W, Nagaraja H N, Davis R A, Beversdorf D Q (2003) Combination therapy of donpezil and vitamin E in Alzheimer disease . Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 17(2): 113–116 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Launer L J, Ross G W, Petrovitch H, Masaki K, Foley D, White L R, Havlik R J (2000) Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu Asia aging study . Neurobiology of Aging 21: 49–55 .[ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Le Bars P, Katz M M, Berman N, Itil T M, Freedman A M, Schatzberg A F (1997) A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia . JAMA 278: 1327–1332 .[Abstract]
  • LeBlanc E S, Janowsky J, Chan B K, Nelson H D (2001) Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis . JAMA 285(11): 1489–1499 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Lehmann M, Gottfries C G, Regland B (1999) Identification of cognitive impairment in the elderly: homocysteine is an early marker. Dement . Geriatr Cogn Disord 10: 12–20 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Lingford-Hughes A, Welch S, Nutt D (2004) Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance misuse, addiction and co-morbidity: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology . Journal of Psychopharmacology 18(3): 293–335 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Logan A (2005) When the drugs don't work . Br J General Practice 55: 639–639
  • Lupton D (1993) Risk as moral danger: the social and political functions of risk discourse in public health . International Journal of Mental Health; 23: 425–434 .
  • McCaddon A, Davies G, Hudson P, Tandy S, Cattell H (1998) Total serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Alzheimer type . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 13: 235–239 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • McCaddon A, Hudson P, Davies G, Hughes A, Williams J H, Wilkinson C (2001) Homocysteine and cognitive decline in healthy elderly . Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 12(5): 309–313 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • McKeith I, Fairbairn A, Perry R, Thompson P, Perry E (1992) Neuroleptic sensitivity in patients with senile dementia of Lewy body type . British Medical Journal 305: 673–678 [ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • McKeith I, Del-Ser T, Spano P F, Emre M, Wesnes K, Anand R, CicinSain A, Ferrara R, Spiegel R. (2000) Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled international study . Lancet, 356: 2031–2036 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • McKeith I G, Galasko D, Kosaka K, Perry E K, Dickson D W, Hansen L A, Salmon D P, Lowe J, Mirra S S, Byrne E J, Lennox G, Quinn N P, Edwardson J A, Ince P G, Bergeron C, Burns A, Miller B L, Love stone S, Collerton D, Jansen E N, Ballard C, de Vos R A, Wilcock G K, Jellinger K A, Perry R (1996) Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the consortium on DLB international workshop . Neurology 47: 1113–1124 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • McKeith I, Dickson D, Emre M, O'Brian J T, Feldman H, Cummings J L, Lowe J, Duda J E, Lippa C, Perry E K, Aarsland D, Arai H, Ballard C G, Boeve BBurn D J, Costa D, Del Ser T, Dubois B, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Goetz C G, Gomez-Tortosa E, Halliday G, Hansen LA, Hardy J, Iwatsubo T, Kalaria R N, Kaufer D, Kenny R A, Korczyn A, Kosaka K, Lee V M, Lees A, Litvan I, Londos E, Lopez O L, Minoshima S, Mizuno Y, Molina J A, Mukaetova-ladinska E B, Pasquier F, Perry R H, Schulz J B, Trojanowski J Q, Yamada M (2005) Dementia with Lewy bodies: diagnosis and management: third report of the DLB Consortium . Neurology 65(12): 1863–1872 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • McKhann Get al. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force On Alzheimer's disease . Neurology; 34(7): 939–944 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • McKhann GMet al. (2001). Clinical and pathological diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia: report of the Work Group on Frontotemporal Dementia and Pick's Disease . Arch Neurol; 58(11): 1803–1809 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Maclean L E, Collins C, Byrne E J (2001) Dementia with Lewy bodies treated with rivastigmine: effects on cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms and sleep . Int Psychogeriatr 13(3): 277–288 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Maelicke A (2001) The pharmacological rationale for treating vascular dementia with galantamine (Reminyl) . Int J Clin Pract Suppl 120: 24–28 .
  • Malouf R, Birks J (2005) Donepezil for Vascular Cognitive Impairment. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD004395.pub2.
  • Malouf M, Grimley E J, Areosa S A (2003) Folic Acid With or Without Vitamin B12 for Cognition and Dementia. Cochrane Database Systematic Review, (4), CD004514.
  • Manthorpe J (2003) Risk and dementia: models for community mental health nursing practice. In Keady J, Clarke C, Adams T (eds) Community Mental Health Nursing, Buckingham, Open University Press .
  • Minett T S C, Thomas A, Wilkinson L M, Daniel S L, Sanders J, Richardson J, Littlewood E, Myint P, Newby J, McKeith I G (2003) What happens when donepezil is suddenly withdrawn? An open label trial in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 18: 988–993 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Molloy S, McKeith I, O'Brien J T, Burn D (2005) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, In press.
  • Montgomery S A, Cowen P J, Deakin W, Freeling P, Hallstrom C, Katona C, King D, Leonard B, Levine S, Phanjoo A, Peet M, Thompson C (1993) Guidelines for treating depressive illness with antidepressants. A statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology . J Psychopharmacol 7: 19–23 .
  • Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello R M, Cazzato G (2001) Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: a comparison trial on efficacy and tolerability for 12 months follow-up . European Journal of Neurology 8: 361–361 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Mulnard R A, Cotman C W, Kawas C, van Dyck C H, Sano M, Doody R, Koss E, Pfeiffer E, Jon S, Gamst A, Grundman M, Thomas R, Thal L J (2000) Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study . JAMA 283(8): 1007–1015 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Murray M D, Lane K A, Gao S, Evans R M, Unverzagt F W, Hall K S, Hendri H (2002) Preservation of cognitive function with antihypertensive medications: a longitudinal analysis of a community-based sample of African Americans . Archives of Internal Medicine 162: 2090–2096 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2001) Guidance on the use of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Technology Appraisal Guidance no. 19, NICE, London .
  • National Institute on Aging, and Reagan Institute Working Group on Diagnostic Criteria for the Neuropathological Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease (1997) Consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease . Neurobiol Aging 18(suppl.4): S1–S2 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Neary D, Snowden J S, Gustafson L, Passant U, Stuss D, Black S, Freedman M, Kertesz A, Robert P Y, Albert M, Boone K, Miller B L, Cummings J, Benson D F (1999). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinica diagnostic criteria . Neurology 51: 1546–1554 .
  • Nelson H D, Humphrey L L, Nygren P, Teutsch S M, Allan J D (2002) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review . JAMA 288(7): 872–881 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • O'Brien J T, Colloby S, Fenwick J, Williams E D, Firbank M, Burn D, Aarsland D, McKeith I G (2004) Dopamine transporter loss visualized with FP-CIT SPECT in the differential diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies . Arch Neurol 61(6): 919–925 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Orgogozo J M, Rigaud A S, Stoffler A, Mobius H J, Forette F (2002) Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomised placebo-controlled trial . Stroke 33: 1834–1839 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Page S (in press) Supplementary prescribing and the community mental health nurse. In Keady J, Clarke C, Page S (eds), Community Mental Health Nursing and Dementia, 2nd edn. OUP Press .
  • Patterson C, Grek A, Gauthier S, Bergman H, Cohen C, Feightner J W, Feldman H, Hogan D B (2001) The recognition, assessment and management of dementing disorders: conclusions from the Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia . The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 28(1): 3–16 .
  • Page S, Hope K (2005) Post-diagnostic counselling for people with dementia. Dementia Bulletin, Spring .
  • Petersen R C, Thomas R G, Grundman M, Bennett D, Doody R, Ferris S, Galasko D, Jon S, Kaye J, Levey A, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, van Dyck C H, Thal L J (2005) Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment . New England Journal of Medicine 352(23): 2379–2388 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Purandare N, Ballard C, Burns A (2005) Preventing dementia. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 11: 176–187 .
  • Raskind M, Peskingd E, Wessel T, Yuan W (2000) Galantamine in AD: a 6 month randomised placebo-controlled trial with a 6 moth extension . The Galantamine USA-1 study group Neurology 54: 2261–2268 .
  • RCPSYCH (2005) Forgetful but not Forgotten. Royal College of Psychiatrists Council Report CR119.
  • Rea T D, Breitner J C, Psaty B M, Fitzpatrick A L, Lopez O L, Newman A B, Hazzard W R, Zandi P P, Burke G L, Lyketsos C G, Bernick C, Kuller L H (2005) Statin use and the risk of incident dementia: the Cardiovascular Health Study . Arch Neurol 62: 1047–1051 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Reading P J, Luce A K, McKeith I G (2001) Rivastigmine in the treatment of parkinsonian psychosis and cognitive impairment: preliminary findings from an open trial . Movement Disorders 16: 1171–1174 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Reines S A, Block G A, Morris J C, Liu G, Nessley M L, Lines C R, Norman B A, Baranak C C (2004) Rofecoxib: no effect on Alzheimer's disease in a 1-year, randomized, blinded, controlled study . Neurology 62(1): 66–71 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Reisberg B, Doody D, Stoffler A, Schmitt F, Ferris S, Mobius H J (2003) for the Memantine Study Group. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease . N Engl J Med 348: 1333–1341 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Renshaw J, Scurfield P, Cloke L, Orrell M (2001) General practitioners' views on the early diagnosis of dementia . Br J of Gen Practice 51: 37–38 .
  • Ridha B H, Josephs K A, Rossor M N (2005) Delusions and hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies: worsening with memantine . Neurology 65(3): 481–482 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Ritchie K, Artero S, Touchon J (2001) Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based validation study . Neurology 56: 37–42 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Rockwood K, Black S, Robillard A, Lussier I (2004) Potential treatment effects of donepezil not detected in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials: a physician survey . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19: 954–960 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Rogers S L, Farlow M R, Doody R S, Mohs R, Friedhoff L T, Donepezil Study Group (1998) A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease . Neurology 50: 136–145 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Roman G C, Tatemichi T K, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings J L, Masdeu J C, Garcia J H, Amaducci L, Orgogozo J M, Brun A, Hofman A (1993) Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop . Neurology 43(2): 250–260 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Rösler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P, Stahelin H B, Hartman R, Gharbawi M (1999) Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomised controlled trial . BMJ 318: 633–638 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Sabbagh M, Hake A, Ahmed S, Farlow M (2005) The use of memantine in dementia with Lewy bodies . Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 7(4): 285–289 .
  • Sadowsky C, Farlow M, Atkinson L, Steadman J, Koumaras B, Chen M, Mirskid (2005) Switching from donepezil to rivastigmine is well tolerated: results of an open-label safety and tolerability study . Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 7: 43–48 .[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Samuel W, Caligiuri M, Galasko D, Lacro J, Marini M, McClure F S, Warren K, Jeste D V (2000) Better cognitive and psychopathologic response to donepezil in patients prospectively diagnosed as dementia with Lewy bodies: a preliminary study . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15: 794–802 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas R G, Klauber M R, Schafer K, Grundman M, Woodbury P, Growdon J, Cotman C W, Pfeiffer E, Schneider L S, Thal L J (1997) A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study . New England Journal of Medicine 336(17): 1216–1222 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Sastre A, Sherrif F, McShane R (2005) Memantine for Dementia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD003154.pub3.
  • Schilcher H (1988) Ginkgo Biloba: Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 9: 119–127 .
  • Sever P S, Dahlof D, Poulter N, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen S E, Kristinsson A, McInnes G T, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O'Brien E, Osterrgren J (2003) Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandanavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre controlled trial . Lancet 361: 1149–1158 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Shea C, MacKnight C, Rockwood K (1998) Donepezil for treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies: a case series of nine patients . International Psychogeriatrics 10: 229–238 .[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Shepherd J, Blauw G J, Murphy M B, Bollen E L, Buckley B M, Cobbe S M, Ford I, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema J W, Kamper A M, Macfarlane P W. Meinders A E, Norrie J, Packard C J, Perry I J, Stott D J, Sweeney B J, Twomey C, Westendorp R G (2002) PROSPER study group. PROspective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial . Lancet 360: 1623–1630 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Shumaker S A, Legault C, Kuller L, Rapp S R, Thal L, Lane D S, Fillit H, Stefanick M L, Hendrix S L, Lewis C E, Masaki K, Coker L H (2004) Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study . JAMA 291(24): 2947–2958 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Silverman D H, Small G W, Chang C Y, Lu C S, Kung D E, Aburto M A, Chen W, Czernin J, Rapoport S I, Pietrini P, Alexander G E, Schapiro M B, Jagust W J, Hoffman J M, Welsh-Bohmer K A, Alavi A, Clark C M, Salmon E, de Leon M J, Mielke R, Cummings J L, Kowell A P, Gambhir S S, Hoh C K, Pelphs M E (2001) Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia . JAMA 286(17): 2120–2127 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Simons M, Schwarzler F, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Beyreuther K, Dichgans J, Wormstall H, Harmann T, Schulz J B (2002) Treatment with simvastatin in normocholesterolemic patients with Alzheimer's disease: a 26-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial . Ann Neurol 52: 346–350 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sparks D L, Scheff S W, Hunsaker J C III, Liu H, Landers T, Gross D R (1994) Induction of Alzheimer-like -amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol . Exp Neurol 126: 88–94 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Sparks D L, Sabbagh M N, Connor D J, Lopez J, Launer L J, Browne P, Wasser D, Johnson-Traver S, Lochhead J, Ziolwolski C (2005) Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary results . Arch Neurol 62; 753–757 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Suribhatla S, Dennis M S, Potter J F (2005) A study of statin use in the prevention of cognitive impairment of vascular origin in the UK . J Neurol Sci 229–230: 147–150 .[CrossRef]
  • Szekely C A, Thorne J E, Zandi P P, Ek M, Messias E, Breitner J C, Goodman S N (2004) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review . Neuroepidemiology 23: 159–169 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Tariot P N, Solomon P R, Morris J C, Kershaw P, Lilienfeld S, Ding C (2000) A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. The Galantamine USA-10 Study Group . Neurology 54: 2269–2276 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Tariot P N, Farlow M, Grossberg G, Graham S M, McDonald S, Gergel I (2004) Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association 291(3): 317–324 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Taylor A M, Hoehns J D, Anderson D M, Tobert D G (2002) Fatal aspiration pneumonia during transition from donepezil to rivastigmine . Ann Pharmacother 36(10): 1550–1553 .[Abstract]
  • Thomas A J, Burn D J, Rowan E N, Littlewood E, Newby J, Cousins D, Pakrasi S, Richardson J, Sanders J, McKeith I G (2005) A comparison of the efficacy of donepezil in Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 20(10): 938–944 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • van Hout H, Vernooij-Dassen M, Bakker K, Blom M, Grol R (2000) General practitioners on dementia: tasks, practices and obstacles . Patient Education & Counselling 39: 219–225 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Walker Z, Grace J, Overshot R, Satarasinghe S, Swann A, Katona C L E, McKeith I G (1999) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14: 459–466 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wang P N, Liao S Q, Liu R S, Liu C Y, Chao H T, Lu S R (2000) Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and cerebral blood flow in AD: a controlled study . Neurology 54(11): 2061–2066 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Whitmer R A, Sidney S, Selby J, Johnston S C, Yaffe K (2005) Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life . Neurology 64: 277–281 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Wilcock G K, Lilienfeld S, Gaens E (2000a) Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: multi centre randomised controlled trial British Medical Journal 321: 1445–1449 .
  • Wilcock G (2000b) Neuroradiological findings and the magnitude of cognitive benefit by memantine treatment. a subgroup analysis of two placebo-controlled trials in vascular dementia . European Neuropsychopharmacology 10:(Suppl. 3): S360–S360 .
  • Wilcock G, Mobius H K, Stoeffler A (2002) A double-blind placebo controlled multi-centre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM500) . Int Clin Psychopharmacol 17: 297–305 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wilcock G, Howe I, Coles H, Lilienfeld S, Truven L, Shu Y, Bullock R, Kershaw P (2003) A long-term comparison of galantamine and donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease . Drugs Aging 20(10): 777–789 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Winblad B, Poritis N (1999) Memantine in severe dementia . Int J Ger Psych 14: 135–146 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wilkinson D, Doody R, Helme R, et al. (2003) Donepezil in Vascular Dementia . Neurology 61: 479–486 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Wilkinson D G, Howe I (2005) Switiching from donepezil to galantamine: a double-blind study of two wash-out periods . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 20: 489–491 .[CrossRef][ISI][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldemar G, Wimo A, Wetterholm A L, Zhang R, Haglund A, Subbiah P (2001) A 1-year randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD . Neurology 57: 489–495 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Winblad B, Wimo A, Engedal K, Soininen H, Verhey F, Waldwmar G, Wetterholm A L, Haglun A, Zhang R, Schindler R for the Donepezil Nordic Study Group (2006) Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 21: 353–363 .[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wolozin B, Kellman W, Ruosseau P, Celesia G G, Siegel G (2000) Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer's disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors . Arch Neurol 57: 1439–1443 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Woods B, Spector A, Jones C, Orrell M, Davies S (2006) Reminiscence therapy for dementia (Cochrane Review), from The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester .
  • Woods R, Moniz-Cook E, Iliffe S, Campion P, Vernooij-Dassen M, Zanetti O, Franco M (2003) Dementia: issues in early recognition and intervention in primary care . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 96: 320–324 .[Free Full Text]
  • Zandi P P, Sparks D L, Khachaturian A S, Tschanz J, Norton M, Steinberg M, Welsh-Bohmer K A, Breitner J C (2005) Cache County Study investigators. Do statins reduce risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease? The Cache County Study . Arch Gen Psych 62: 217–224 [Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 AM J ALZHEIMERS DIS OTHER DEMENHome page
M. G. M. Olde Rikkert, A. van der Vorm, A. Burns, W. Dekkers, P. Robert, N. Sartorius, J. Selmes, G. Stoppe, M. Vernooij-Dassen, and G. Waldemar
Consensus Statement on Genetic Research in Dementia
American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, June 1, 2008; 23(3): 262 - 266.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
K.-J. Bar, M. K. Boettger, N. Seidler, H. J. Mentzel, C. Terborg, and H. Sauer
Influence of Galantamine on Vasomotor Reactivity in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia Due to Cerebral Microangiopathy
Stroke, December 1, 2007; 38(12): 3186 - 3192.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. Radiol.Home page
S L PIMLOTT and K P EBMEIER
SPECT imaging in dementia
Br. J. Radiol., December 1, 2007; 80(Special_Issue_2): S153 - S159.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in ISI Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (21)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Burns, A.
Right arrow Articles by O'Brien, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Burns, A.
Right arrow Articles by O'Brien, J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit