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Journal of Psychopharmacology
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0269881108089599v1
23/3/249    most recent
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research-article

Current and former ecstasy users report different sleep to matched controls: a web-based questionnaire study

RL Carhart-Harris

Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK r.carhart-harris{at}bris.ac.uk

DJ Nutt

Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

M Munafò

Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

SJ Wilson

Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Abstract

This study sought to test the association between ecstasy-use and abnormal sleep. An anonymous web-based questionnaire containing questions on drug use and sleep was completed by 1035 individuals. From this large sample, a group of 89 ecstasy users were found who reported very little use of other drugs. This "ecstasy-only" group was further divided into two groups of 31 current users and 58 abstinent users. The subjective sleep of current and former ecstasy-only users was compared with that of matched controls. Patients were asked to rate their sleep according to: 1) sleep quality, 2) sleep latency, 3) night time awakenings and 4) total sleep time. Current ecstasy-only users reported significantly worse sleep quality (P < 0.05) and a greater total sleep time (P < 0.001) than controls. It was inferred that these differences might be due to recovery from the acute effects of the drug. Abstinent ecstasy-only users reported significantly more nighttime awakenings than controls (P < 0.01). These subjective findings are in agreement with the objective findings of previous studies showing persistent sleep abnormalities in ecstasy users.

Key Words: 5-HT • ecstasy • MDMA • serotonin • sleep

This version was published on May 1, 2009

Journal of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 23, No. 3, 249-257 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0269881108089599
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