This Article Full Text (PDF) References Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by O'Brien, C. P. Articles by Robbins, S. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by O'Brien, C. P. Articles by Robbins, S. J. Pubmed/NCBI databases Compound via MeSH Substance via MeSH Hazardous Substances DB COCAINE NICOTINE NICOTINE TARTRATE Medline Plus Health Information Drug Abuse Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Conditioning factors in drug abuse: can they explain compulsion?

Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA

Anna Rose Childress

Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA

Ronald Ehrman

Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA

Steven J. Robbins

Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA

There is a good deal of clinical evidence suggesting that compulsion to resume drug taking is an important part of the addiction syndrome. The symptoms comprising motivation to resume drug use, namely craving and compulsion, have been studied experimentally in human subjects. While much work remains to be done, there is evidence showing that these symptoms are influenced by learning. The research has been guided by animal studies demonstrating that drug effects can be conditioned. Much attention has been directed toward demonstrating the existence of drug conditioning in human addicts and exploring the neurological structures that may underlie such learned responses. We do not yet know the relative importance of learning in the overall phenomenon of relapse, and treatments based on conditioning principles are still under investigation.

Key Words: addiction • conditioning • craving • dependence

Journal of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 12, No. 1, 15-22 (1998)
DOI: 10.1177/026988119801200103


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. L. Pelchat Food Addiction in Humans J. Nutr., March 1, 2009; 139(3): 620 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L.C. Lee, R. J. Gardner, V. J. Butler, and B. J. Everitt D-cycloserine potentiates the reconsolidation of cocaine-associated memories Learn. Mem., January 7, 2009; 16(1): 82 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Talmi, B. Seymour, P. Dayan, and R. J. Dolan Human Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer J. Neurosci., January 9, 2008; 28(2): 360 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. H. Corbit and P. H. Janak Inactivation of the Lateral But Not Medial Dorsal Striatum Eliminates the Excitatory Impact of Pavlovian Stimuli on Instrumental Responding J. Neurosci., December 19, 2007; 27(51): 13977 - 13981. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Tye and P. H. Janak Amygdala Neurons Differentially Encode Motivation and Reinforcement J. Neurosci., April 11, 2007; 27(15): 3937 - 3945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Day and R. M. Carelli The Nucleus Accumbens and Pavlovian Reward Learning Neuroscientist, April 1, 2007; 13(2): 148 - 159. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. E. Hyman Addiction: A Disease of Learning and Memory Focus, January 1, 2007; 5(2): 220 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. T. Brady and R. Sinha Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Neurobiological Effects of Chronic Stress Focus, January 1, 2007; 5(2): 229 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Zhao, C. V. Dayas, H. Aujla, M. A. S. Baptista, R. Martin-Fardon, and F. Weiss Activation of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Attenuates Both Stress and Cue-Induced Ethanol-Seeking and Modulates c-fos Expression in the Hippocampus and Amygdala J. Neurosci., September 27, 2006; 26(39): 9967 - 9974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. D. Volkow, G.-J. Wang, F. Telang, J. S. Fowler, J. Logan, A.-R. Childress, M. Jayne, Y. Ma, and C. Wong Cocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction. J. Neurosci., June 14, 2006; 26(24): 6583 - 6588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. C. Lee, A. L. Milton, and B. J. Everitt Cue-induced cocaine seeking and relapse are reduced by disruption of drug memory reconsolidation. J. Neurosci., May 31, 2006; 26(22): 5881 - 5887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Fuchs, R. K. Branham, and R. E. See Different neural substrates mediate cocaine seeking after abstinence versus extinction training: a critical role for the dorsolateral caudate-putamen. J. Neurosci., March 29, 2006; 26(13): 3584 - 3588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Sinha, M. Garcia, P. Paliwal, M. J. Kreek, and B. J. Rounsaville Stress-induced cocaine craving and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses are predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry, March 1, 2006; 63(3): 324 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Murschall and W. Hauber Inactivation of the ventral tegmental area abolished the general excitatory influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental performance Learn. Mem., March 1, 2006; 13(2): 123 - 126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Robbins and R. N. Ehrman The Role of Attentional Bias in Substance Abuse Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, December 1, 2004; 3(4): 243 - 260. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. N. Mead and D. N. Stephens Selective Disruption of Stimulus-Reward Learning in Glutamate Receptor gria1 Knock-Out Mice J. Neurosci., February 1, 2003; 23(3): 1041 - 1048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Heinz, S. Lober, A. Georgi, J. Wrase, D. Hermann, E.-R. Rey, S. Wellek, and K. Mann REWARD CRAVING AND WITHDRAWAL RELIEF CRAVING: ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL PATHWAYS TO ALCOHOL INTAKE Alcohol Alcohol., January 1, 2003; 38(1): 35 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Liu and F. Weiss Additive Effect of Stress and Drug Cues on Reinstatement of Ethanol Seeking: Exacerbation by History of Dependence and Role of Concurrent Activation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Opioid Mechanisms J. Neurosci., September 15, 2002; 22(18): 7856 - 7861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. W. Bradberry Book Review: Dynamics of Extracellular Dopamine in the Acute and Chronic Actions of Cocaine Neuroscientist, August 1, 2002; 8(4): 315 - 322. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Ito, J. W. Dalley, T. W. Robbins, and B. J. Everitt Dopamine Release in the Dorsal Striatum during Cocaine-Seeking Behavior under the Control of a Drug-Associated Cue J. Neurosci., July 15, 2002; 22(14): 6247 - 6253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. E. Hyman A 28-Year-Old Man Addicted to Cocaine JAMA, November 28, 2001; 286(20): 2586 - 2594. [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. H. A. Franken, L. Y. Kroon, R. W. Wiers, and A. Jansen Selective cognitive processing of drug cues in heroin dependence J Psychopharmacol, July 1, 2000; 14(4): 395 - 400. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Mann, D. Hermann, and A. Heinz ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF ALCOHOLISM: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Alcohol Alcohol., January 1, 2000; 35(1): 10 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]